Scarlet Macaws: Flowers of the Sun and Songs that Fly

 

Fire along road as we head into forest

Fire along road as we head into forest

It is the time of incendios. Fires in Guatemala and indeed throughout the Maya Selva (forest) are everywhere.  What causes these fires you ask?  Perhaps the root is human desire.  Current human practices means too many people encroaching into the forest without balanced and sustainable methods.  We might also blame climate change, along with the disconnecting denial that breeds carelessness.

Map of current fires in Maya Selva 2013

Map of current fires in Maya Selva 2013

The forest though is not just afire, it is alive, and it is a life.  Through sight, touch, smell, hearing, taste, and a subconscious resonance, one senses that one is inside a living, breathing being.  Driving along the roads into and out of the study area for our target species, the scarlet macaw, we humans are just one cell among many traveling along the circulatory pathways.  Just last week we saw a Great Curassow female and a Tayra cross in front of us in a flurry, and the night hawks and oceloted turkeys just don’t seem to give up the right of way before us.  Then there’s the monkeys and parrots in the tops of the trees who are outlandish in both sight and sound.

Spider monkey in forest

Spider monkey in forest

The odor of the forest and low lying haze reminds us that the air we breathe and the lives we lead aren’t empty.  Sure there is smoke and ash in the air, but there is also the heavy aroma of flowering trees, everywhere.  At some bends in the road the smell is so strong it as if there is the spirit of the forest has taken form and holds us, or perhaps shake us, asking us to wake up, pay attention.

Flowers rain down on forest path

Flowers rain down on forest path

As one looks around, one not only smells, but sees the presence of flower everywhere. In some places their petals carpet the ground. Like a grand parade, life decorates the paths before us.  Even at night the ground is adorned. At the research camp in Corona and Peru, spider eyes sparkle in the grass like perfect jewels.

Flowering tree in Guatemala

Flowering tree in Guatemala

I ask the name of one of the flowering trees as we bump along theforest road, and the reply is “Flor de Sol” (Flower of the Sun).  Isn’t that the answer to everything, at last?  Why do bad things happen?  Flowers of the sun bloom and decay, giving fruit to the future.   Why do we work so hard to save endangered species?  Because in the end, aren’t all species flowers of the sun?  What do we do when we are in despair and in pain? Remember that we are flowers of the sun entangled and interconnected to one another with over powering beauty.

Mural by Diego Rivera showing the burning of Maya literature by the catholic church

Mural by Diego Rivera showing the burning of Maya literature by the catholic church

There is nothing namby pamby about being a flower.  Life is not a walk in the park – death and decay is ready to eat the heart of the forest, your heart too.  The evidence of such truth is all around,  For instance, in between jaunts to the field, we station in Flores, Guatemala.  The conquistadores took this the final flower from the Maya, then known as Noipeten.   It was the last stronghold of the Maya  before being entirely conquered by both missionaries and then by an assault by the Spanish in 1697. While we work in the field and pass through ancient ruins on our way to parrot nests, we can’t but wonder, “Why did we lose so much in this area – the Maya, their culture, the parrots?”  The answer echoes, “Remember, we all are flowers of the sun. Do not repeat the mistakes of the past”.

Sunset from Flores, Guatemala

Sunset from Flores, Guatemala

I am not keen on romanticizing those of the past, but I am struck by how the Maya revered the scarlet macaw.  For the Maya, the scarlet macaw’s colors heralded the vision of a fiery sun rising in the East. For them, the bird was the day time sun, powerful for what it symbolized. This power transferred to those who associated themselves with the bird.  Unfortunately, like  today, revering an animal isn’t always in the best interest of the individual. In pre-Columbian times, macaws were captured, traded, raised in captivity probably without ever a chance to fly, and sacrificed.

Captured white-fronted amazon kept as pet at a Flores Restaurant (notice the missing tail - a negative condition of captivity)

Captured white-fronted amazon kept as pet at a Flores Restaurant (notice the missing tail – a negative condition of captivity)

I am not sure all that much has changed, alas.  One hears the chatter of parrots, illegally kept in households, as one walks around the island of Flores.  One also hears the clatter and chatter of the local radio station, Guacamaya (macaw)   Having the macaw as its symbol, their slogan is “The sound that flies.”

Radio station sign - "The Sound That Flies"

Radio station sign – “The Sound That Flies”

Nice, except there are not that many of these birds left to fly free.  Perhaps because of their relative rarity, or maybe even if there were thousands as before, the human heart expands so as to take in that flying sound which connects one below the tree canopy, where it is so hard to see, to beauty above that sees clearly for miles.

Wild scarlet macaw high in canopy looking at tree climber at her nest and us below examining her chick (photo by Chalo Córdova)

Wild scarlet macaw high in canopy looking at tree climber at her nest and us below examining her chick (photo by Chalo Córdova)

When will we humans see, truly see, and come to our senses so that we may know that all are flowers of the sun?

Oh dear Maya Selva, so full of life where sound flies as song and flowers rain abundantly, will you be able to quench the fire of human desire?

They who bind themselves to a desire

Do the winged life destroy

They who kiss the joy as flies,

Live in eternity’s sunrise

- William Blake (adapted)

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But It’s a Wet Heat

dryheat-624x444There is an unspoken code of machismo in conservation.  It’s not like anyone is keeping score, however, each is quick to discount any discomfort lest to lose esteem from others on the conservation team.When I lived in the high dessert lands of the Southwest, for example, even though the temperature really could boil an egg on the street, one just said, “But it’s a dry heat.”  In so doing one communicated, “No problem for me. Why did you bring up the subject?  Are you wimping out?”

Climbing macaw nest tree in the heat - no problem for Qi Wong.

Climbing macaw nest tree in the heat – no problem for Qi Wong.

Climbing nest tree in the heat - no problem for Joshua Daniel

Climbing nest tree in the heat – no problem for Joshua Daniel

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Here in the Maya Selva (broadleaf forest shared between Mexico, Belize, Guatemala) it gets hot, but it’s a wet heat.  No problem for me, but it is for our equipment and materials.  With temperatures easily reaching 100 plus and the humidity percentage close to the same number, our gear gives up long before we do.

Climber at nest site - no problema for Eleazar González (notice adult parent watching on to right of climber)

Climber at nest site – no problema for Eleazar González (notice adult parent watching on to right of climber)

Here’s how so based on one 24 hour period last week in the Laguna del Tigre National Park in northern Guatemala.  This year I am here with my conservation team members sampling wild macaw chicks to test them (the chicks, not my human team members) for disease and to get baseline data.  We are all part of a group that centers on the Wildlife Conservation Society’s effort to protect the Maya Biosphere Reserve.  Funding and expertise also comes from the American Museum of Natural History, Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund, and Lafeber Conservation and Wildlife.

Exam and lab table under the nest tree. We are ready, but is the equipment?

Exam and lab table under the nest tree. We are ready, but is the equipment?

Sure our shirts are already damp while we sip coffee at 5 a.m., and wet by the time we get to the base of the first nest tree.  But it’s no problem for us.  Handling the chick and taking blood goes well enough, but then the non living flesh begins to flake out.   We make slides out of the blood and it is important that they dry right away so the cells don’t rupture, and so that they will lake take up the stain well. The slides refuse to dry. Quickly I pass them out and folks start blowing on the slides. This induces borderline hyperventilation in case anyone was thinking they were too comfortable in the heat and humidity.

Spinning down blood using truck's battery

Spinning down blood using truck’s battery

Wild scarlet macaw chick with full crop

Wild scarlet macaw chick with full crop

 

We then move on to the next trees and as the day progresses the humidity drops and the slides dry more quickly.  During the last nest exam, however, the chick brings plenty of nest dust down with her and when she moves, dust and dirt gets on the slides, making preparation difficult.

While some of us pack up under the nest tree, others go ahead to get to the truck as fast as possible. It’s important to quickly centrifuge the blood so you can separate the plasma from the red blood cells.  So this has to happen truck side in the middle of the forest, drawing on the truck’s battery for energy.   On the walk back we discover that even our knee caps sweat in this weather.  No problem for us, but it might be for the blood samples.  So we give thanks to Kari Schmidt and others on our advance team, for they are finishing up as we arrive.

Ice HCT JoynerWe then go to the lab, and I did mention that there were no fans or air conditioning in the field lab, didn’t I?  It is about the hottest time of the day, but we can’t break for lunch because samples need to be run as soon as possible.  No problem for us.  We keep cranking, but our equipment fails. First the clay that stoppers the hematocrit tubes gets too warm and doesn’t seal the tubes. The blood leaks out and we can’t assess whether the birds have anemia or not. In the middle of this, our Abaxis biochemistry analyzer, the Vetscan Classic, decides it’s just too hot to keep running, and stops.  I guess we can’t blame the machine, after all the manual suggests not to run it with ambient temperatures over 90. Now we know why.

Grateful for the Abaix Vetscan Biochemistry Analyzer (are the wet faces from tears, sweat, or both?)

Grateful for the donated AbaxisVetscan biochemistry analyzer – thank you Abaxis! (notice the wet faces – whether tears or sweat, no problem for us!)

As long as the equipment peters out first we don’t mind stopping.   We take a long lunch break, for the chicks’ and equipment’s sake, not ours.  We don’t want to be handling the more sensitive chicks when the sun reaches its punishment zenith.  We climb a nest tree in the later afternoon and then return gladly to work in the stifling lab after dark.

Trying to read refractometer with flashlight - you've got to be kidding!

Trying to read refractometer with flashlight – you’ve got to be kidding!

No problem for us, but our refractometer acts up. This is a piece of equipment that passes light through blood plasma so we can judge Total Solids. But there isn’t enough light to read the refractometer well, so we have to use a flash light.  Using flash lights are notorious for losing macho points, but not in this case – it’s the equipment’s fault (the stupid clay keeps leaking even in the night!).  .

There is nothing more we can do but wait until it is cooler in the morning.  Otherwise I’m sure we could have worked all night. Instead we let the equipment rest as we try to do so ourselves, though the heat and humidity keep one wakeful, as do the Howler monkeys bellowing throughout the night.  No problem for us. Refreshed or not, we are ready to go again in the morning.

Antonio Xol and a giant walking stick looks on as we pack up the Vetscan analyzer

Antonio Xol and a giant walking stick looks on as we pack up the Vetscan analyzer

So there we are running laboratory tests at 5:30 a.m. and do manage to tame the heat and humidity issues of our equipment.  With no more tests to run, it’s time to pack up.  A large walking stick (insect) inspects our process as we decide how to arrange it all.Walking Stick  The more sensitive equipment, such as the VetScan and the microscopes, cannot go in the back of the truck. So we look for volunteers who will ride inside the relatively cooler and more comfortable cab of the truck.  Usually riding in the hot direct sun in the rambunctious truck bed is rather a mark of pride. However, two agree to hold microscopes in their laps for the 4 hour bumpy ride out, and I get the VetScan between my legs.

Packed in tight with equipment all around us (Raiza Barahona, LoraKim Joyner and Manuel Lepe)

Packed in tight with equipment all around us (Raiza Barahona, LoraKim Joyner and Manuel Lepe)

The bronco like action of the truck along the pitted roads does make it seem like I am riding a horse, so I just hold tight with my thigh muscles and it doesn’t seem so bad.  The next day though I discover that I indeed did develop saddle sores in the typical places.  Others received bruises where doors and other protruding objects rudely slammed into them while the driver navigated the deeper ruts. No problem for us, and thankfully, not for the equipment either which made it back in one piece to Flores, our home base.

ARCAS veterinarians, Drs. Fernando Martinez and Alejandro Morales, with me and an intern (showing off our "Fly Free Scarlet Macaw" wrist bands which announce we all are one conservation team!)

ARCAS veterinarians, Drs. Fernando Martinez and Alejandro Morales, with me and intern Rudy Lopez (showing off our “Fly Free Scarlet Macaw” wrist bands which announce we all are one conservation team!)

Temporary lab in Flores outside hotel (where ever you go, so goes the lab!)

Temporary lab in Flores outside hotel room (where ever you go, so goes the lab!)

 

 

Once back in Flores we visit ARCAS where they graciously allow us to sample a few of their birds so we can work out the kinks in our equipment.  We run various trials using different clay at different temperatures and finally come to a place where we have confidence that the slides, tubes, centrifuges, microscopes, stains, and machines on our next trip to the field will man up and do their job.

After all, it’s just a wet heat.

When things go well we are very happy (Drs. Kari Schmidtt and Manuel Lepe)

When things go well we are very happy, and when they don’t, we’re macho (Dr. Kari Schmidt doing the “happy dance” while Dr. Manuel Lepe looks on)

 

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Rescuing the Yellow-Nape in Guatemala: A National Treasure

Yellow-naped Amazon (loro)

Puzzling over parrot conservation with Marco Centeno

I end my weeks in Guatemala with a workshop bringing together the Yellow-Naped Working Group. There are familiar friends whom I have know over the decades, as well as many new faces flushed with the possibility of preserving this treasure in their midst.  Marco Centeno, one such long term friend and leader of the National Board of Avitourism, tells us during the day how loros (yellow-nape amazons) serve as an emblematic species for avian tourism in Guatemala.  Tourism is one of the solutions for keeping this bird present in Guatemala, as it augments the economy, environmental education, and conservation awareness.

Fernando Aldana

 

 

 

My contribution consists of presenting an overview of loro conservation in Guatemala, mostly concentrating on our Proyecto de Loros in the 1990′s and current efforts. Fernando Aldana speaks about parrot monitoring techniques, about which there are several questions.  The point has been well taken among the attendees:  we need to know where the birds are and how many exist so we can keep them flying free in the wild.  At the end of the day I talk about the human dimensions of conservation: we must take care of all species within our ecological communities, including humans. So any solutions we come up with today and in the future must take into account the well being or Homo sapiens.

Martin Lezema López

We bring in guest speaker Martin Lezama López from Nicaragua’s Paso Pacifico. He works with this species in a project that concentrates on conserving the bird on private property.  His hopes are to provide incentives for the bird to be protected against poaching, such as paying people $50 for each chick that fledges.  Many of these techniques we tried years ago in Guatemala, though never with success or consistency. He too reports setbacks as poaching increased recently when the local economy suffered from decreased tourism.  Truly inspirational is how they sell carbon equivalents to fund part of their planting efforts of nest and food trees. The goal is to plant 150,000 tons of carbon equivalents in the next 40 years.  I look forward to learning more about this project when I leave in two weeks to work with Martin.

 

Edson Flores of CONAP

Dr. Fernando Martínez of ARCAS

Sometimes we cannot keep the birds from being poached, as we are reminded of by data presented by Edson Flores of CONAP, which is the agency overseeing protected areas and in charge of confiscating birds that are part of the illegal wildlife trade.  Once confiscated, the birds go to ARCAS.  Dr. Fernando Martínez presents data from ARCAS’s release projects where they cared for these birds until they could be liberated back into the wild.

We get excited talking about parrots (with Dr. Dennis Guerro Centeno)

Dr. Dennis Guerra Centeno of San Carlos University reminds us of the many stakeholders who can be part of the solution, and summarizes the many possible strategies this group can undertake.  Finally, Colum Muccio, Administrative Director of ARCAS, leads us in a discussion about next steps.

Colum Muccio

The focus that arises out of the day  and subsequent email correspondence and meetings is population monitoring  coupled with avian tourism and education.

 

In the weeks that have followed since the February 2013 meeting, more parrot counters have surfaced and trainings are being scheduled to recruit and train more “loreros” (members, friends, and supporters of the Yellow-naped Amazon Working Group).

Loreros at the workshop

It is simple to become a lorero:  care, learn, share, and act.  You can begin by joining our google group where we report information and coordinate activities. Please contact me if you’d like to join or go here.

In the meantime…..

Vivan los loreros! Long live the parroteers!

Vivan nuestra esperanza!  Long live our hope!

Vivan los loros! Long live the parrots!

Thanks to the leadership and organization of ARCAS and Lafeber Conservation and Wildlife for making this workshop as well as the future of this species in Guatemala possible.

 

It’s never to early to become a lorero (Gabriella Ponce with son)

 

 

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